Junk Food in Schools Essay

Junk Food in Schools Essay Ahmed ALfaraj Schools, it seems, always need more money. One way many of them found funding for things they needed was through corporate sponsorship. While there have been stories about school gymnasiums named after Pepsi, there was a much less noticeable way that corporations sponsored schools and that was through the food that schools provide for the children. The law that says schools must provide children with breakfast and lunches if the kids’ parents cannot afford to pay for them, made it so that schools had to come up with a lot of food for poor kids and that is expensive. Food corporations stepped in and offered their products to schools and schools accepted even if they were not the healthiest of foods. Now, because of things like Pizza Hut pizza, and Smucker’s Uncrustables, without meaning to, schools are contributing to the childhood obesity epidemic by including junk foods in lunches and vending machines. However, thanks to people like Michelle Obama, the unhealthy food h as started to be replaced in many schools through some innovative programs and new government rules about what kind of food can be included in school lunches have helped to keep kids healthy. Most people would agree that offering unhealthy meals to kids at school does not seem like the right thing to do. It is bad enough that many children do not get adequate nutrition at home, but to have the same type of food offered to them at school also seems like a hypocritical thing to do especially when schools are responsible for also teaching healthy life behavior such as eating a healthy diet and getting plenty of exercise. The reason a law was made that required schools to serve healthy lunches and breakfast is that lower-income children may not get enough to eat at home. Not only that with many single-parent households and working families, there may not be anyone to fix meals for children. The law was made so that children would not go hungry. It is a shame that schools then would feed children unhealthy food and allow vending machines that sell junk food. Another reason schools offer meals to children is that children who have eaten breakfast and lunch do much better in school. That has recently been proven by many studies, but that is not the only reason school lunches have been given to children. Nick Confessore of the New York Times says, â€Å"It was the U.S. military that first advanced the national-security implications of a healthful lunch. . . . Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, a former school principal . . . told the lawmakers that as many as 40 percent of rejected draftees had been turned away owing to poor diets† (Confessore). That is how the original National School Lunch program came about. During the 1980s, it was cut along with most other social services by the Reagan administration. Schools began to rely on food from corporations who were competing for the attention of schoolchildren. Of course, there were those federal laws that schools had to comply with, but one way they got around the federal law was to offer unhealth y vending machine products. â€Å"Some districts even struck deals with McDonald’s, Chick-fil-A and other fast-food chains to sell versions of their commercial products directly to school kitchens† (Confessore). That was how Pizza Hut pizza ended up on school lunch trays across the country. Some corporations even drastically reduce the cost of their products for schools. It makes healthy food like fresh fruits and vegetables difficult to serve because they cost so much more than what the corporations provide for free. To compete, the USDA subsidizes school lunch programs. In the Journal of Public Policy Marketing Bree Dority, Mary McGarvey, and Patricia Kennedy explain that the USDA compensates those schools who serve lunches through the National School Lunch Program that meet the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (205). If a school relies too heavily on corporate sponsorship, they may not get the government money and the breakfast and lunches they serve to children will not be as healthy as those that do receive the government subsidy, but they may actually spend less on food per student. The cost is that those students have a greater risk of becoming overweight or obese and of being not as healthy as children who attend schools where the lunch program is governme nt supported. Most people do not even know that some schools opt for the corporate sponsorship over government sponsorship. Most parents do not look into whether or not their children are served lunches at their school subsidized by government or corporate money. Most probably assume that if there is a free or reduced-cost lunch program that it is through the government. If a person were to ask a group of parents what they thought about the different ways that school lunch programs are funded, those parents would not know that one of the ways is through allowing corporations to provide processed, high in calorie foods for lunches and junk foods in vending machines to schools. Some if not most of those people would say that it is wrong to give children junk food and they would probably find it especially wrong that junk food should be available in schools. Even parents who prepare a lunch at home for their children are having their efforts challenged by the presence of vending machines that offer junk food to children. The presumably healthy food that children bring from home can easily be tossed out and the child can fill up his/her stomach o the empty calorie food found in vending machines. Some people like Phebe Gibson and Lily Swartz are calling for updating the policies concerning junk food at the federal level. Not every school has them because states often oversee school policy and not all states show as great as concern over the health of their children as others. Eliminating junk foods from school cafeterias makes children healthier though. Gibson and Swartz explain that many people all over the country want to remove junk foods from schools. â€Å"A recent poll in California indicates  96% of voters  support serving healthier foods and beverages in schools, and a study conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln found that banning junk food from a la carte lines would result in an18% reductionin overweight or obese students† (Gibson and Swartz). Not only will children be healthier if junk foods are removed from school cafeterias and vending machines, but the childhood obesity problem may be stopped. The argument against the federal government setting guidelines about the types of food that are served in school lunches comes from people who believe the government should not intervene in the lives of people to the extent that they tell them what to eat at school or otherwise. Some say that people should be free to eat what they want even if it is unhealthy. They say that it violates a person’s freedom when the government tells people what they can and cannot eat. Parents should be the ones who decide what their kids eat. Lindsey Tanner of the Huffington Post cites many obesity experts who worry that legislating what people eat may backfire especially where schools are particularly dependent upon food corporation dollars for survival (Tanner). Yet studies show that schools that do ban junk food have fewer overweight and obese students. The same people who want government out of their food are often the ones who say that the presence of junk food in school lunches and vending machines is not the cause of the obesity epidemic. Not every child who eats junk food will become obese. Even those children whose parents are obese may not become obese from eating junk food, even if it is more of a risk for them. The school lunch funding programs that exist help to fund other activities at schools that will help to prevent overweight and obese children such as after-school sports, dance and cheerleading. Linda Gorman also notes that when things like soda are banned, then products like fruit juice, which frequently has just as much sugar as soda, is allowed. Parents and students alike think they are getting healthier foods, but they are not. Gorman says that many feel that banning junk foods will not stop the obesity epidemic (Gorman). For those who believe this, education about the dangers of junk foods is a better policy. Another argument they use is the cost of food. Jan Christensen of CNN says that schools in the more expensive districts such as San Francisco spend, on average, $2.74 per child per lunch. To serve a child a healthy lunch, most experts agree that it costs about $5 per child per lunch (Christensen). Many parents cannot afford to spend that kind of money on their kids’ lunches and many legislators do not want to give that kind of money to schools. Without the corporate sponsorship, it costs too much to provide healthy food in schools. Unfortunately, companies do not give fresh fruits and vegetables to schools. Even if they did, critics of government involvement in school lunch programs point out that the fresh food does not have a long shelf life. Fresh fruits and vegetables become inedible in just a few days. When they go bad, they must be thrown out and that wastes money. The processed food that corporations provide never goes bad, or at least not for a very long time, so there is little waste. Perhaps the real problem is the cost of healthy food and the presence of junk food everywhere in the American culture. Perhaps the regulations should be placed on corporations advertising practices instead of banning them from schools. If kids and their parents saw more promotion of healthier foods, they may be more likely to buy and consume them. Children who eat healthy at home would not develop a taste for empty-calorie food. Then kids would go to school looking for healthy foods and not junk foods and schools would have the opposite problem on their hands: that of turning down sponsorship from companies who want to promote junk foods to children. Either way, school lunches are subsidized by government dollars, and if they are, those dollars should not be adding to the obesity problem that will cost more money down the road to battle. Even if it costs more to put healthy foods in school lunches and in vending machines in schools, it is the right thing to do for the health of child ren. Works Cited Christensen, Jan. Obama Admin Bans Junk Food In Schools. 29 September 2010. CNN. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/09/29/school.food.investigation/>. Confessore, Nicholas. How School Lunch Became the Latest Political Battleground. 7 October 2014. New York Times. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/magazine/how-school-lunch-became-the-latest-political-battleground.html?_r=0>. Dority, Bree L., Mary G. McGarvey and Patricia F. Kennedy. Marketing Foods And Beverages In Schools: The Effect Of School Food Policy On Students’ Overweight Measures. Journal Of Public Policy Marketing 29.2 (2010): 204-218. PsycINFO. Web. 11 Jan. 2015. Gibson, Phebe and Lily Swartz. Setting a New Academic Standard: Getting Junk Food Out of Schools. 2015. Prevention Institue. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.preventioninstitute.org/about-us/lp/851-setting-a-new-academic-standard-getting-junk-food-out-of-schools.html>. Gorman, Linda. Junk Food Availability in Schools Raises Obesity. 2015. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.nber.org/digest/sep05/w11177.html>. Tanner, Lindsay. Do Junk Food Laws Actually Work To Fight Kids Obesity? 13 August 2012. Huffington Post. Web. 11 January 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/13/study-junk-food-laws-may-_n_1771352.html>.

Biology Class Xi Chapter Essay

The description of living organisms including human beings began much later in human history. Societies which indulged in anthropocentric view of biology could register limited progress in biological knowledge. Systematic and monumental description of life forms brought in, out of necessity, detailed systems of identification, nomenclature and classification. The biggest spin off of such studies was the recognition of the sharing of similarities among living organisms both horizontally and vertically. That all present day living organisms are related to each other and also to all organisms that ever lived on this earth, was a revelation which humbled man and led to cultural movements for conservation of biodiversity. In the following chapters of this unit, you will get a description, including classification, of animals and plants from a taxonomist’s perspective. Born on 5 July 1904, in Kempten, Germany, the Harvard University evolutionary biologist who has been called ‘The Darwin of the 20th century’, was one of the 100 greatest scientists of all time. Mayr joined Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences in 1953 and retired in 1975, assuming the title Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology Emeritus. Throughout his nearly 80-year career, his research spanned ornithology, taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution, systematics, and the history and philosophy of biology. He almost single-handedly made the origin of species diversity the central question of evolutionary biology that it is today. He also pioneered the currently accepted definition of a biological species.

Business Analysis The De Beers Group Essay - 1143 Words

The De Beers Group, the dominant agent in the diamond mining, industrial diamond manufacturing and diamond trading sectors, has a significant mining presence in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. Africa’s recent history is characterised by the West’s inexorable exploitation of African natural resources, resulting in a continent plagued by corruption, violence and slow development. Through committing to the ‘Living up to Diamonds’ initiative, De Beers aims to create lasting contribution to the communities in which the family of companies operate in (ENP Newswire, 14 June 2011). In a continent notorious for placing profits and monetary returns over human development, the De Beers management of Botswana’s diamonds goes against the trend of†¦show more content†¦The desire for companies to record high profits may sometimes compete with their desire to make ethically or morally sound decisions. The concept of corporate social responsibility is similar to ethics in that it is concerned with distinguishing right from wrong, ‘social responsibility’ refers to the obligation of leaders and managers within an organisation to make decisions and take actions that enhance the welfare and interests of both society and the organisation (Samson Daft, 2009). Organisations now face pressure to perform well on three disparate aspects – the â€Å"triple bottom line† of â€Å"people, planet, profit† – three indicators that describe corporate aims to address social concerns such as environmental pollution and natural-resource depletion, taking the needs of disadvantaged people and future generations into account, as well as companies’ productive output. The ‘classical view’ and the ‘socio-economic view’ are two opposing perspectives related to the concept of corporate social responsibility. 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Poverty In Blood Diamond we see examples of both the working poor-Solomon Vandy, and the absolute poor- those living in utter destitutionRead MoreDe Beers Environmental Impacts1907 Words   |  8 PagesUnit Title: Communication in Business 100 Assessment: Critical Essay Company: De Beers Essay Title: Corporate Environmental Obligation: An examination of the performance of De Beers Student Name: Arkar Kyaw @ Kevin Student Number: 1160001 Semester: 1 2011 Campus: Bentley Tutor: Simon Teoh Corporate Environmental Obligation: An examination of the performance of De Beers Nowadays, diamonds are one of the most precious luxury items where people are purchasing

Organic Food - 8071 Words

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Organic Food in Bangladesh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....17 11. Potential for Organic Shrimp farming in Bangladesh†¦...†¦24 12. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....26 13. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..27†¦show more content†¦Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and benefit the common environment including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water. 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Article Review The List Created By The Runnymede Trust Runs

The list created by the Runnymede Trust runs a stark parallel to the political and social happenings in this country and around the world. Anti-terrorism legislation in the United States, and to an even greater extent in other countries like France and Switzerland, has become a vehicle for Islamophobia and creates even greater hardship for Muslims everywhere. On a social level, the Runnymede Trust’s forewarning of Islamophobia becoming more respectable is actualizing. Intellectual Islamophobia in the ilk of Bill Maher is becoming increasingly popular in American culture, and it runs largely on the views the report points out. An important aspect in the discussion about Islam, and one that ties into why a commentator like Bill†¦show more content†¦This was exemplified by the treatment of comments made by Ben Affleck when he appeared on Bill Maher’s HBO show, and those of Reza Aslan on CNN. While both argued against anti-Muslim prejudice, their opinions were vie wed very differently by the American media. While Ben Affleck’s visceral anger, calling Maher’s ideology â€Å"gross and racist,† was praised and valued, Aslan, a Muslim American academic and professor of religion, was forced into an apologetic stance to elicit a recognition that Muslims are diverse in their outlooks and beliefs before being dismissed anyway. His opinion was later recast as angry and hostile, invalidating his argument completely by basing it in emotion rather than rationality, tactics that we see employed over and over again. Compare Affleck’s obvious annoyance and Aslan’s polite frustration, and it is easily ascertainable that Affleck’s white privilege allows him to express similar sentiments as Aslan in far cruder terms, and not be dismissed entirely for it. Muslims, like many other minorities in the United States, have faced hardship for many years, but their struggle increased exponentially following the attacks on the W orld Trade Center. Increasingly, Muslim Americans have had to prove their worth as humans, as evidenced by the â€Å"Not in my Name† campaign. A statement by Audre Lorde encapsulates well what many Muslim Americans struggle with: â€Å"Black and Third world

Eating Out Free Essays

Eating out is a fun way to celebrate a birthday, anniversary, or other special occasion. However, eating out should not be a part of your regular diet. If you are attempting to lose weight or maintain a healthy lifestyle, it is almost impossible to do so if you are eating out on a regular basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating Out or any similar topic only for you Order Now Appetizers and rolls are the first reason why eating out is bad for your health. When you cook at home, you usually do not prepare additional appetizers to eat before the main course because it is more work, but waiters at a restaurant push the appetizers, which can easily add an additional 500+ calories to your meal depending on what you order and how much you eat, just so that they can cushion their tip and make the restaurant more money. Restaurants also provide free rolls with butter. Eating two rolls can add another 300 calories to your meal. A seemingly healthy salad is the next disastrous course when eating out. A salad by itself is healthy, but many restaurants will add croutons, bacon bits, cheese, and fatty dressings to the lettuce and a couple other vegetables. The result is enough fat to fulfil your fat content for the entire day. If you’re going to indulge in a salad, avoid the croutons altogether and opt for apple cider or balsamic vinegar or oil and vinaigrette. Between the appetizer, rolls, salad, and first round of drinks most people have already consumed more than they ever would by cooking a meal at home. The problem is that all of these items are pushed by the waiter or their eating companions, making it even more difficult for someone struggling with their diet to say no. The main course finally comes and you thought you ordered something healthy, fish, and steamed veggies, but what they don’t mention on the menu is that vegetables are almost always soaked in butter and the fish is covered with a high calorie sauce to disguise the fact that it has been overcooked. The problem with eating out is that everything is so readily available with no work on your part. If given the choice most people don’t want to spend the time to prepare a five course meal at home, this is reserved for holidays like Thanksgiving, but when presented with the opportunity for that five course meal without having to do any of the work involved it makes it all too easy for people to say yes. You finish your meal and the waiter comes over and makes a point of asking if you’d like dessert. Then the waiter will chatter on about all of the desserts available, you think that if you split the dessert with someone else at the table it will keep you from consuming too many calories. The problem is that you have already consumed too many calories before the dessert menu has even been presented. Also, even if you do split a desert you can easily be consuming another 500 calories. When all is said and done, your one meal out most likely contains more calories than you should be consuming in an entire day. It is best not to test your will power when it comes to your diet. The next time someone suggests eating out; quickly think of a delicious meal that can be cooked at home for a fraction of the calories. This will give you control over how your food is prepared, not to mention that eating at home will also save you hundreds of rupees per month. How to cite Eating Out, Essay examples

Marijuana Prohibition Is A Violation Of First Amen Essay Example For Students

Marijuana Prohibition Is A Violation Of First Amen Essay dment RightsMarijuana Prohibition is a Violation of First Amendment RightsLet me ask you something if you had a choice, what would it be:Marijuana or Martinis?This question appeared in the New York Times on Tuesday, May 12th, 1998.Due to the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 the only legal choice that you and the 18 million other adults who used marijuana last year can make is the martini (Against Drug Prohibition ix).The legal acceptance of alcohol, however, does not exclude it from the category of a drug, even in the eyes of the Food and Drug Administration.The prohibition of marijuana is historically counteractive and a direct defiance of First Amendment rights.This prohibition has denied thousands of critically ill patients a drug that would effectively treat their illness and relieve their pain.The basis upon which marijuana is prohibited has been proven by the very government which has banned the drug to be false. Since 1914, our nation has outwardly protested against the use of any drug, contrary to our past acceptance of the market.Before and during the Civil War, morphine (a derivative of opium) was implemented for its anesthetic qualities and was used as a main ingredient in many medicines.Marijuana was also implemented by the medical community in the treatment of migraine headaches, insomnia and rheumatism and cocaine to treat sinusitis, hay fever, and chronic fatigue.These drugs were not only medicinal, however, and they became popular for recreation, and cocaine, specifically became an ingredient in wines and soft drinks, namely Coca Cola (Encarta, Cocaine). Just following the turn of the century, a new climate of temperance swept the nation and in 1914 Congress passed the Harrison Act, banning opiates and cocaine, and the prohibition of alcohol soon followed in 1918, making the U.S. officially a dry nation.This prohibition led to a rise in a black market trade of narcotics and alcohol.In 1933, the prohibition on alcohol was lifted due to an overwhelming public concern with widespread organized crime, police corruption and violence (Encarta, Prohibition). Much like the money spent on maintaining the prohibition of alcohol, since 1981, $150 million tax dollars have been spent in the attempt to prevent Colombian cocaine, Burmese heroine and Jamaican marijuana from entering U.S. borders.In light of this, evidence shows that for every ton of narcotics seized, hundreds more prevail.Also in relation to alcohol prohibition, those profiting most from Americas War on Drugs are the organized crime barons, who make an estimated $10 to $50 billion dollars a year from drug trade alone (More Reefer Madness, 15-25). Again, in concurrence with the prohibition of alcohol, during the 1920s, bootleggers marketed small bottles of 100+ proof liquors due to their ability to more easily conceal them (Encarta, Prohibition).Drug smugglers tend to carry and sell hard drugs in extremely potent form (i.e. cocaine) for the same reason.The federal government also controls the amount of nicotine and other additives in cigarette and cigar manufacturing, in an effort to lessen their risk to public health.The same tactic could be used on marijuana. The harmful effects of marijuana usage are the number one reason for its restriction.These effects, however, are disputable.As early as 1972, President Nixons National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse concluded that, There is little proven danger of physical or psychological harm from the experimental or intermittent use of natural preparation of cannabis, and recommended then that the personal and medical use of marijuana be decriminalized.Since that time, the NAS (National Academy of Sciences) Institute of Medicine, the Federation of American Sciences, the Australian Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, the American Public Health Association, the British Medical Association, and the New England Journal of Medicine have produced studies showing that marijuana use is not only harmless, but that it is also therapeutic in the treatment of many serious ailments.Moreover, marijuana has been proven to be less toxic and less expensive than conventional medication and in many cases more effective than commercially available drugs (Against Drug Prohibition 13). .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 , .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .postImageUrl , .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 , .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0:hover , .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0:visited , .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0:active { border:0!important; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0:active , .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0 .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49ccca29b89c052a4487fad2912834a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life Of Arthur Conan Doyle EssayIt is in this that the prohibition of marijuana is most harmful to the American public.Graham Boyd, an attorney representing a group of plaintiffs including eleven prominent cancer and AIDS physicians in San Francisco presented to a federal judge on Friday, April 11, 1997 the following statement:The federal government has issued broad threats against physicians who might recommend marijuana to some of their seriously ill patients.These threats have gagged physicians and have impended the responsible practice of medicine.We assert that doctors have the right to discuss medical marijuana with patients, and we are seeking clear guidelines for p hysicians who wish to do so.The lawsuit was filed January 14, weeks after several advisors of the Clinton Administration made a public response to Proposition 215 (which would, were it to pass, make it legal for doctors to discuss and recommend marijuana to their patients) at a December 30 press conference.That response was that serious penalties.. may befall physicians who discuss marijuana with their patients, including limited Medicare and Medicaid eligibility and even criminal prosecution (New England Journal of Medicine, August 1997). American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Foundation of Northern California co-counsel Ann Brick said, This case focuses directly on basic First Amendment principles, thus the case is not about whether the government should legalize the medical use of marijuana.It is about whether the government may prevent doctors from providing a patient with an honest medical opinion recommending marijuana. (ACLU)Between 1978 and 1996, legislature in 34 states and the District of Columbia passed laws recognizing the medicinal use of marijuana and its obvious therapeutic value.NORML first raised this issue in 1972 in an administrative petition asking that marijuana be moved from schedule I to schedule II of the federal Controlled Substances act, which would make it legal to be prescribed as a medicine.16 years and many court battles and appeals later, in 1988, the Drug Enforcement Agencys own administrative law judge, Judge Francis Young, concluded that, Marijuana has been accepted as capable of reliev ing distress of great numbers of very ill people, and doing so with safety under medical supervision.It would be unreasonable, arbitrary and capricious for the DEA to continue to stand between those sufferers and the benefits of this substance in light of the evidence recently revealed.The DEA Administrator, however, overruled Judge Young, and the Court of Appeals allowed that decision to stand, denying the medical use of marijuana to seriously ill patients.Representative Barney Frank (a democrat from Massachusetts) introduced H.R. 1782, a bill which would also attempt to move medicinal marijuana from schedule I to schedule II, eliminating federal restrictions.This bill would not change state laws, allowing individual communities to determine for themselves whether marijuana should be medicinally available (New England Journal of Medicine, August 1997) . It is a criminal act of the U.S. government by its own manifesto, the Constitution, to make a personal behavior a crime.A government that cannot criminalize alcohol or tobacco cannot, for the same reasons, deny the right to use marijuana.In 1857, in his famous essay On Liberty, John Stuart Mill, the British economist and philosopher, said, Over himself, over his own mind and body, the individual is sovereign.Marijuana is the third most popular drug in America, alcohol and cigarettes (nicotine) first and second respectively, with approximately ten million regular marijuana smokers in the United States alone.The right to this personal freedom, and personal autonomy (what Mill called personal sovereignty), in the matters of religion, political opinion, sexuality, and other private, consensual activities are definitively protected under the First Amendment to the constitution.The National Academy of Sciences issued its finding that, Over the last forty years, marijuana has been accused o f causing an array of anti-social effects including provoking crime and violence .. leading to heroin addiction and destroying the American work ethic in young people.These beliefs have not been substantiated by scientific evidence.Common myths, such as Marijuana is much more potent now that it used to be, or Marijuana use causes brain damage, and even that Marijuana is a gateway drug to the use of harder drugs, are now being disputed.In November of 1996, the Lindesmith Center, a drug policy think-tank in New York, published a 55-page book called, Marijuana Myths, Marijuana Facts.Written by John Morgan, M.D. and sociologist Lynn Zimmer, and truths were given to replace these fables.In reality, the average amount of THC (the active ingredient of marijuana) in government-seized marijuana was 3.32 percent.In 1975, marijuana samples ranged from 2-14 percent.Further, the claim that marijuana causes brain damage is based on a 20 year old study in which two rhesus monkeys were exposed to d oses of THC up to 200 times the psychoactive dose for humans.This test has never been duplicated, and there is currently no evidence available which shows such results.It is true that most users of heroin, cocaine, and LSD have used marijuana (and even more have used tobacco and alcohol), but the majority of marijuana users have never tried any other illegal drug.In fact, as marijuana use increased in the 1960s and 1970s, the use of heroin greatly declined. (New England Journal of Medicine, August 1997)All current studies show that marijuana is a benign drug that isnt addictive nor does it cause any significant harm to even long term users.The myth that the drug is so harmful has actually been a gateway for law enforcement to seize homes, cars and other personal property.It allowed, in 1996, for 641,600 marijuana users to be arrested, 85 percent of whom were caught merely for possession (ACLU).The myth also allows daily for thousands of seriously ill people to suffer more than is ne cessary, from both their ailments and the adverse effects of expensive, toxic and poorly effective medicines.So, if you had to choose between a martini and marijuana, would you choose liberty?